John Lettieri, President and CEO of Economic Innovation Group | Official Website
John Lettieri, President and CEO of Economic Innovation Group | Official Website
Among Florida’s counties, Lafayette County saw the largest increase in transfer dependency over the past 10 years, surging 10.3% from 21.5% in 2012 to 31.8% in 2022, and up 20.4% from just 11.4% in 1970. In dollar terms, government transfers per capita in Lafayette County jumped from $5,718 in 2012 to $10,771 in 2022, a stark contrast to the $1,628 recorded in 1970.
Hamilton County followed with the second-largest increase in transfer dependency, increasing 8.4% from 34.4% in 2012 to 42.8% in 2022, and an overall increase of 30.4% from 1970’s 12.4% transfer dependency. This trend is reflected in per capita amounts, with residents of Hamilton County receiving an average of $14,564 in transfer income in 2022, up from $9,122 in 2012 and more than double the $1,628 recorded in 1970.
Additionally, Hamilton County had the highest percentage of income derived from government transfers, at 42.8% in 2022, making it the county with the highest overall transfer dependency. Dixie County and Highlands County followed closely behind, with transfer dependency rates of 40.8% and 40% in 2022, respectively.
Compared to 1970, Hamilton County increased by 30.4%, while Dixie County and Highlands County have increased by 29.7% and 26.3%, respectively, showing sustained reliance on government transfers. Residents in Hamilton County received an average of $14,564 in transfers per capita, with Dixie County and Highlands County close behind at $14,326 and $16,753, respectively.
For comparison, the statewide average was 18.9% in 2022, showing a higher dependency than the national average of 17.6%. On a per capita level, this translates to $12,269 per resident in 2022, compared to $11,542 nationwide.
Government transfer payments are non-repayable funds provided by federal, state, or local governments to support individuals in need. These payments aim to stabilize economic conditions and provide financial support during hardships. Key programs include Social Security transfers (retirement benefits), Medicare transfers (healthcare for seniors), Medicaid transfers (healthcare for low-income individuals), and income maintenance transfers (financial assistance for basic needs).
In Florida, reliance on government transfers was just 8.8% (or $2,139 per capita in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars) in 1970. This has since increased to 18.9% (or $12,269 per capita) in 2022, reflecting a total increase of 10.1% since 1970. This shift is largely influenced by increased healthcare costs, and economic transformations that have reshaped income sources across the U.S.
In 2022, the primary government transfer programs in Florida included:
- Social Security: $4,179 (34.1% of total transfers)
- Medicare: $3,540 (28.9% of total transfers)
- Medicaid: $1,524 (12.4% of total transfers)
- Income Maintenance Programs: $1,152 (9.4% of total transfers)
With 21.4% of the population aged 65 and older, Florida has a significant demand for programs like Social Security and Medicare. However, counties with higher poverty rates also show elevated Medicaid and income maintenance participation.
Government transfers have long been a modest financial safety net, historically comprising only a small fraction of Americans' income. However, since the 1970s—sometimes dubbed the “Great Transfer-mation”—dependency has surged from 8.2% (or $2,022 per capita in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars) in 1970 to 17.6% (or $11,542 per capita) in 2022 nationwide. In Florida, reliance on government transfers has similarly increased from 8.8% (or $2,139 per capita) in 1970 to 18.9% (or $12,269 per capita) in 2022, reflecting broader national trends.
According to the Economic Innovation Group’s analysis, these trends are not merely short-term responses to economic pressures but rather reflect a profound, long-term transformation in how government support is integrated into American life. The study illustrates that structural shifts—from rising healthcare expenses and demographic changes to stagnant wages—have significantly increased dependency on government transfers.
| County | Dependency on Transfers (%) | Change Since 2012 | Change Since 1970 | Per Capita Amount (2022) | Per Capita Change Since 2012 | Per Capita Change Since 1970 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alachua County | 19.1% | 1.9% | 12.5% | $10,044 | $2,424 | $8,767 |
| Baker County | 25.1% | -0.7% | 17.5% | $11,240 | $2,653 | $9,967 |
| Bay County | 22.8% | 1.2% | 16% | $12,361 | $2,390 | $10,962 |
| Bradford County | 30.7% | 1.4% | 18.8% | $12,753 | $2,648 | $11,059 |
| Brevard County | 23.8% | 0.5% | 18.5% | $13,529 | $2,583 | $12,235 |
| Broward County | 16% | 0.3% | 7.6% | $10,589 | $2,476 | $8,155 |
| Calhoun County | 37.4% | 5.4% | 24.2% | $13,559 | $4,308 | $11,842 |
| Charlotte County | 32.2% | -0.2% | 14.5% | $17,123 | $3,291 | $13,241 |
| Citrus County | 39.1% | 2.8% | 20.9% | $17,731 | $3,142 | $14,317 |
| Clay County | 21.9% | 2.7% | 16% | $11,744 | $3,077 | $10,253 |
| Collier County | 10.1% | -1.1% | 3.4% | $13,205 | $3,309 | $11,111 |
| Columbia County | 32.7% | 3.9% | 22.5% | $14,126 | $3,720 | $12,374 |
| DeSoto County | 37.4% | 5.3% | 25.5% | $12,295 | $3,453 | $10,221 |
| Dixie County | 40.8% | 1.4% | 29.7% | $14,326 | $3,036 | $12,665 |
| Duval County | 19.3% | 1% | 13.1% | $10,827 | $2,124 | $9,301 |
| Escambia County | 24.7% | 1.9% | 19.2% | $12,922 | $2,820 | $11,634 |
| Flagler County | 25.6% | -0.7% | 12.4% | $15,418 | $3,470 | $12,562 |
| Franklin County | 28% | 2.5% | 11.9% | $12,772 | $3,139 | $10,615 |
| Gadsden County | 32.3% | 5% | 21.5% | $14,296 | $4,612 | $12,875 |
| Gilchrist County | 29.3% | 2% | 18.4% | $12,368 | $2,710 | $10,419 |
| Glades County | 29.4% | 2.3% | 21.2% | $9,232 | $1,836 | $7,773 |
| Gulf County | 29.2% | 0.9% | 20% | $14,156 | $4,742 | $12,594 |
| Hamilton County | 42.8% | 8.4% | 30.4% | $14,564 | $5,442 | $12,952 |
| Hardee County | 32.3% | 6.7% | 23.1% | $11,290 | $3,324 | $9,641 |
| Hendry County | 28.4% | 4.4% | 24% | $11,156 | $2,931 | $9,842 |
| Hernando County | 32.8% | -1.1% | 20.3% | $15,288 | $1,966 | $12,754 |
| Highlands County | 40% | 4.3% | 26.3% | $16,753 | $3,410 | $13,969 |
| Hillsborough County | 17.5% | 1% | 8.9% | $10,415 | $2,003 | $8,612 |
| Holmes County | 37.3% | 2% | 19.9% | $14,408 | $3,043 | $12,129 |
| Indian River County | 15.3% | -0.9% | 3.8% | $16,143 | $4,102 | $13,405 |
| Jackson County | 37.9% | 4.8% | 25.3% | $15,032 | $4,143 | $13,261 |
| Jefferson County | 27.2% | 2.8% | 17% | $13,415 | $3,312 | $11,852 |
| Lafayette County | 31.8% | 10.3% | 20.4% | $10,771 | $5,053 | $9,143 |
| Lake County | 26.2% | -1.1% | 14.3% | $13,674 | $2,023 | $11,033 |
| Lee County | 21.1% | 0.9% | 10% | $13,391 | $2,955 | $10,814 |
| Leon County | 17.5% | 3.4% | 12.4% | $9,483 | $2,983 | $8,430 |
| Levy County | 32.8% | 1.4% | 20.5% | $14,370 | $3,056 | $12,204 |
| Liberty County | 32.9% | 4.9% | 17.1% | $10,702 | $3,136 | $8,422 |
| Madison County | 37% | 4.3% | 24.4% | $15,073 | $4,685 | $13,232 |
| Manatee County | 21.1% | -0.8% | 6.8% | $12,606 | $2,173 | $9,495 |
| Marion County | 33.6% | 1.2% | 22.5% | $14,969 | $2,250 | $12,862 |
| Martin County | 13% | -0.4% | 3% | $14,305 | $3,422 | $11,519 |
| Miami-Dade County | 18.5% | -1.3% | 10.9% | $12,697 | $2,989 | $10,653 |
| Monroe County | 10% | 0.2% | 4.6% | $11,949 | $3,782 | $10,552 |
| Nassau County | 16.5% | -0.7% | 9.8% | $12,626 | $3,093 | $11,223 |
| Okaloosa County | 20.3% | 3% | 16% | $12,181 | $3,104 | $11,159 |
| Okeechobee County | 32.4% | 0.6% | 24.1% | $13,125 | $2,676 | $11,576 |
| Orange County | 17.1% | 0.2% | 9.6% | $9,461 | $2,002 | $7,658 |
| Osceola County | 23.2% | -0.3% | 10.8% | $10,292 | $2,249 | $7,552 |
| Palm Beach County | 11.3% | -1.7% | 3.4% | $12,289 | $2,305 | $10,006 |
| Pasco County | 23.3% | -2.3% | 7.5% | $12,276 | $1,500 | $9,215 |
| Pinellas County | 20.7% | -0.5% | 6% | $14,197 | $2,877 | $10,531 |
| Polk County | 27.3% | 1.8% | 17.8% | $11,778 | $1,724 | $9,830 |
| Putnam County | 38.5% | 2.1% | 26.8% | $15,200 | $2,961 | $13,222 |
| St. Johns County | 11.8% | 0.4% | 2.5% | $10,450 | $2,210 | $8,341 |
| St. Lucie County | 25% | -0.8% | 14% | $13,087 | $2,453 | $10,828 |
| Santa Rosa County | 19.5% | 2.2% | 14% | $11,194 | $2,944 | $9,944 |
| Sarasota County | 18.3% | -1.5% | 6% | $15,361 | $3,280 | $11,702 |
| Seminole County | 16% | 0.7% | 8.9% | $9,554 | $2,138 | $8,077 |
| Sumter County | 32.5% | -7.9% | 17.7% | $22,504 | $3,601 | $20,190 |
| Suwannee County | 35% | 4.9% | 23.7% | $14,560 | $3,489 | $12,661 |
| Taylor County | 36.6% | 7.1% | 26.6% | $13,539 | $4,263 | $11,762 |
| Union County | 34.2% | 4.9% | 26% | $9,074 | $2,673 | $8,083 |
| Volusia County | 26.6% | 0.7% | 12% | $14,247 | $2,993 | $11,114 |
| Wakulla County | 21.6% | 2.3% | 10.2% | $10,306 | $3,166 | $8,490 |
| Walton County | 11.9% | -3% | -1.8% | $10,530 | $2,041 | $8,455 |
| Washington County | 34.9% | 1.9% | 18.7% | $12,678 | $2,327 | $10,482 |
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